A parentheses is a space between brackets that defines what a function is and what the function is going to do. Example: var result = doSomething()
The square brackets are used to access arrays. It's important to note that when accessing an array, the index counting starts at '0' instead of '1'. Example: ([0], [1], [2], [3])
The curly braces are used in functions and used to add values to objects. They are seen at the start and end of functions. Example: function start () { ... }
Single quotes are used to define strings in JavaScript. They can also be used inside of double quotes rather than having to use backslashes or escaping the quote all together.
Double quotes are almost identical to single quotes except they can't be used to escape a quote and then return as single quotes can.